feat: Add ClickHouse driver to sql inputs/outputs plugins (#9671)

docs/LICENSE_OF_DEPENDENCIES.md

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ following works:
 - github.com/Azure/go-amqp [MIT License](https://github.com/Azure/go-amqp/blob/master/LICENSE)
 - github.com/Azure/go-autorest [Apache License 2.0](https://github.com/Azure/go-autorest/blob/master/LICENSE)
 - github.com/Azure/go-ntlmssp [MIT License](https://github.com/Azure/go-ntlmssp/blob/master/LICENSE)
+- github.com/ClickHouse/clickhouse-go [MIT License](https://github.com/ClickHouse/clickhouse-go/blob/master/LICENSE)
 - github.com/Mellanox/rdmamap [Apache License 2.0](https://github.com/Mellanox/rdmamap/blob/master/LICENSE)
 - github.com/Microsoft/go-winio [MIT License](https://github.com/Microsoft/go-winio/blob/master/LICENSE)
 - github.com/Shopify/sarama [MIT License](https://github.com/Shopify/sarama/blob/master/LICENSE)

docs/SQL_DRIVERS_INPUT.md

@@ -3,15 +3,16 @@
 This is a list of available drivers for the SQL input plugin. The data-source-name (DSN) is driver specific and
 might change between versions. Please check the driver documentation for available options and the format.
 
-database             | driver                                                | aliases         | example DSN                                                                            | comment
+| database             | driver                                                    | aliases         | example DSN                                                                            | comment                                                                                                               |
----------------------| ------------------------------------------------------| --------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------
+| -------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------- | --------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-CockroachDB          | [cockroach](https://github.com/jackc/pgx)             | postgres or pgx | see _postgres_ driver                                                                  | uses PostgresQL driver
+| CockroachDB          | [cockroach](https://github.com/jackc/pgx)                 | postgres or pgx | see _postgres_ driver                                                                  | uses PostgresQL driver                                                                                                |
-MariaDB              | [maria](https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql)       | mysql           | see _mysql_ driver                                                                     | uses MySQL driver
+| MariaDB              | [maria](https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql)           | mysql           | see _mysql_ driver                                                                     | uses MySQL driver                                                                                                     |
-Microsoft SQL Server | [sqlserver](https://github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb) | mssql           | `username:password@host/instance?param1=value&param2=value`                            | uses newer _sqlserver_ driver
+| Microsoft SQL Server | [sqlserver](https://github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb)     | mssql           | `username:password@host/instance?param1=value&param2=value`                            | uses newer _sqlserver_ driver                                                                                         |
-MySQL                | [mysql](https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql)       |                 | `[username[:password]@][protocol[(address)]]/dbname[?param1=value1&...&paramN=valueN]` | see [driver docs](https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql) for more information
+| MySQL                | [mysql](https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql)           |                 | `[username[:password]@][protocol[(address)]]/dbname[?param1=value1&...&paramN=valueN]` | see [driver docs](https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql) for more information                                        |
-PostgreSQL           | [postgres](https://github.com/jackc/pgx)              | pgx             | `[user[:password]@][netloc][:port][,...][/dbname][?param1=value1&...]`                 | see [postgres docs](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-CONNSTRING) for more information
+| PostgreSQL           | [postgres](https://github.com/jackc/pgx)                  | pgx             | `[user[:password]@][netloc][:port][,...][/dbname][?param1=value1&...]`                 | see [postgres docs](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-CONNSTRING) for more information |
-SQLite               | [sqlite](https://gitlab.com/cznic/sqlite)             |                 | `filename`                                                                             | see [driver docu](https://pkg.go.dev/modernc.org/sqlite) for more information
+| SQLite               | [sqlite](https://gitlab.com/cznic/sqlite)                 |                 | `filename`                                                                             | see [driver docu](https://pkg.go.dev/modernc.org/sqlite) for more information                                         |
-TiDB                 | [tidb](https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql)        | mysql           | see _mysql_ driver                                                                     | uses MySQL driver
+| TiDB                 | [tidb](https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql)            | mysql           | see _mysql_ driver                                                                     | uses MySQL driver                                                                                                     |
+| ClickHouse           | [clickhouse](https://github.com/ClickHouse/clickhouse-go) |                 | `tcp://host:port[?param1=value&...&paramN=value]"`                                     | see [clickhouse-go docs](https://github.com/ClickHouse/clickhouse-go#dsn) for more information                        |
 
 ## Comments
 

go.mod

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/Azure/go-autorest/autorest/adal v0.9.16
 	github.com/Azure/go-autorest/autorest/azure/auth v0.5.8
 	github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.4.1
+	github.com/ClickHouse/clickhouse-go v1.5.1
 	github.com/Mellanox/rdmamap v0.0.0-20191106181932-7c3c4763a6ee
 	github.com/Shopify/sarama v1.29.1
 	github.com/aerospike/aerospike-client-go v1.27.0
@@ -202,6 +203,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/cenkalti/backoff v2.2.1+incompatible // indirect
 	github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4 v4.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/cloudflare/golz4 v0.0.0-20150217214814-ef862a3cdc58 // indirect
 	github.com/containerd/cgroups v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/containerd/containerd v1.5.9 // indirect
 	github.com/couchbase/gomemcached v0.1.3 // indirect

go.sum

@@ -159,6 +159,8 @@ github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1/go.mod h1:xHWCNGjB5oqiDr8zfno3MHue2Ht5sIBksp03
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.4.1 h1:GaI7EiDXDRfa8VshkTj7Fym7ha+y8/XxIgD2okUIjLw=
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.4.1/go.mod h1:CxXYINrC8qIiEnFrOxCa7Jy5BFHlXnUU2pbicEuybxQ=
 github.com/BurntSushi/xgb v0.0.0-20160522181843-27f122750802/go.mod h1:IVnqGOEym/WlBOVXweHU+Q+/VP0lqqI8lqeDx9IjBqo=
+github.com/ClickHouse/clickhouse-go v1.5.1 h1:I8zVFZTz80crCs0FFEBJooIxsPcV0xfthzK1YrkpJTc=
+github.com/ClickHouse/clickhouse-go v1.5.1/go.mod h1:EaI/sW7Azgz9UATzd5ZdZHRUhHgv5+JMS9NSr2smCJI=
 github.com/DATA-DOG/go-sqlmock v1.3.3/go.mod h1:f/Ixk793poVmq4qj/V1dPUg2JEAKC73Q5eFN3EC/SaM=
 github.com/DATA-DOG/go-sqlmock v1.4.1/go.mod h1:f/Ixk793poVmq4qj/V1dPUg2JEAKC73Q5eFN3EC/SaM=
 github.com/DataDog/datadog-go v3.2.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:LButxg5PwREeZtORoXG3tL4fMGNddJ+vMq1mwgfaqoQ=
@@ -432,6 +434,8 @@ github.com/bitly/go-hostpool v0.1.0 h1:XKmsF6k5el6xHG3WPJ8U0Ku/ye7njX7W81Ng7O2io
 github.com/bitly/go-hostpool v0.1.0/go.mod h1:4gOCgp6+NZnVqlKyZ/iBZFTAJKembaVENUpMkpg42fw=
 github.com/bitly/go-simplejson v0.5.0/go.mod h1:cXHtHw4XUPsvGaxgjIAn8PhEWG9NfngEKAMDJEczWVA=
 github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset v1.2.0/go.mod h1:gIdJ4wp64HaoK2YrL1Q5/N7Y16edYb8uY+O0FJTyyDA=
+github.com/bkaradzic/go-lz4 v1.0.0 h1:RXc4wYsyz985CkXXeX04y4VnZFGG8Rd43pRaHsOXAKk=
+github.com/bkaradzic/go-lz4 v1.0.0/go.mod h1:0YdlkowM3VswSROI7qDxhRvJ3sLhlFrRRwjwegp5jy4=
 github.com/bketelsen/crypt v0.0.3-0.20200106085610-5cbc8cc4026c/go.mod h1:MKsuJmJgSg28kpZDP6UIiPt0e0Oz0kqKNGyRaWEPv84=
 github.com/bketelsen/crypt v0.0.4/go.mod h1:aI6NrJ0pMGgvZKL1iVgXLnfIFJtfV+bKCoqOes/6LfM=
 github.com/bkielbasa/cyclop v1.2.0/go.mod h1:qOI0yy6A7dYC4Zgsa72Ppm9kONl0RoIlPbzot9mhmeI=
@@ -494,6 +498,8 @@ github.com/circonus-labs/circonus-gometrics v2.3.1+incompatible/go.mod h1:nmEj6D
 github.com/circonus-labs/circonusllhist v0.1.3/go.mod h1:kMXHVDlOchFAehlya5ePtbp5jckzBHf4XRpQvBOLI+I=
 github.com/clbanning/x2j v0.0.0-20191024224557-825249438eec/go.mod h1:jMjuTZXRI4dUb/I5gc9Hdhagfvm9+RyrPryS/auMzxE=
 github.com/client9/misspell v0.3.4/go.mod h1:qj6jICC3Q7zFZvVWo7KLAzC3yx5G7kyvSDkc90ppPyw=
+github.com/cloudflare/golz4 v0.0.0-20150217214814-ef862a3cdc58 h1:F1EaeKL/ta07PY/k9Os/UFtwERei2/XzGemhpGnBKNg=
+github.com/cloudflare/golz4 v0.0.0-20150217214814-ef862a3cdc58/go.mod h1:EOBUe0h4xcZ5GoxqC5SDxFQ8gwyZPKQoEzownBlhI80=
 github.com/cncf/udpa/go v0.0.0-20191209042840-269d4d468f6f/go.mod h1:M8M6+tZqaGXZJjfX53e64911xZQV5JYwmTeXPW+k8Sc=
 github.com/cncf/udpa/go v0.0.0-20200629203442-efcf912fb354/go.mod h1:WmhPx2Nbnhtbo57+VJT5O0JRkEi1Wbu0z5j0R8u5Hbk=
 github.com/cncf/udpa/go v0.0.0-20201120205902-5459f2c99403/go.mod h1:WmhPx2Nbnhtbo57+VJT5O0JRkEi1Wbu0z5j0R8u5Hbk=

plugins/inputs/sql/drivers.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package sql
 
 import (
 	// Blank imports to register the drivers
+	_ "github.com/ClickHouse/clickhouse-go"
 	_ "github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb"
 	_ "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
 	_ "github.com/jackc/pgx/v4/stdlib"

plugins/inputs/sql/sql_test.go

@@ -270,3 +270,114 @@ func TestPostgreSQL(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestClickHouse(t *testing.T) {
+	if testing.Short() {
+		t.Skip("Skipping integration test in short mode")
+	}
+
+	logger := testutil.Logger{}
+
+	addr := "127.0.0.1"
+	port := "9000"
+	user := "default"
+
+	if *spinup {
+		logger.Infof("Spinning up container...")
+
+		// Determine the test-data mountpoint
+		testdata, err := filepath.Abs("testdata/clickhouse")
+		require.NoError(t, err, "determining absolute path of test-data failed")
+
+		// Spin-up the container
+		ctx := context.Background()
+		req := testcontainers.GenericContainerRequest{
+			ContainerRequest: testcontainers.ContainerRequest{
+				Image: "yandex/clickhouse-server",
+				BindMounts: map[string]string{
+					testdata: "/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d",
+				},
+				ExposedPorts: []string{"9000/tcp", "8123/tcp"},
+				WaitingFor:   wait.NewHTTPStrategy("/").WithPort("8123/tcp"),
+			},
+			Started: true,
+		}
+		container, err := testcontainers.GenericContainer(ctx, req)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "starting container failed")
+		defer func() {
+			require.NoError(t, container.Terminate(ctx), "terminating container failed")
+		}()
+
+		// Get the connection details from the container
+		addr, err = container.Host(ctx)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "getting container host address failed")
+		p, err := container.MappedPort(ctx, "9000/tcp")
+		require.NoError(t, err, "getting container host port failed")
+		port = p.Port()
+	}
+
+	// Define the testset
+	var testset = []struct {
+		name     string
+		queries  []Query
+		expected []telegraf.Metric
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "metric_one",
+			queries: []Query{
+				{
+					Query:               "SELECT * FROM default.metric_one",
+					TagColumnsInclude:   []string{"tag_*"},
+					FieldColumnsExclude: []string{"tag_*", "timestamp"},
+					TimeColumn:          "timestamp",
+					TimeFormat:          "unix",
+				},
+			},
+			expected: []telegraf.Metric{
+				testutil.MustMetric(
+					"sql",
+					map[string]string{
+						"tag_one": "tag1",
+						"tag_two": "tag2",
+					},
+					map[string]interface{}{
+						"int64_one": int64(1234),
+						"int64_two": int64(2345),
+					},
+					time.Unix(1621289085, 0),
+				),
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range testset {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			// Setup the plugin-under-test
+			plugin := &SQL{
+				Driver:  "clickhouse",
+				Dsn:     fmt.Sprintf("tcp://%v:%v?username=%v", addr, port, user),
+				Queries: tt.queries,
+				Log:     logger,
+			}
+
+			var acc testutil.Accumulator
+
+			// Startup the plugin
+			err := plugin.Init()
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			err = plugin.Start(&acc)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			// Gather
+			err = plugin.Gather(&acc)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.Len(t, acc.Errors, 0)
+
+			// Stopping the plugin
+			plugin.Stop()
+
+			// Do the comparison
+			testutil.RequireMetricsEqual(t, tt.expected, acc.GetTelegrafMetrics())
+		})
+	}
+}

plugins/inputs/sql/testdata/clickhouse/expected.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS default.metric_one (
+    tag_one String,
+    tag_two String,
+    int64_one Int64,
+    int64_two Int64,
+    timestamp Int64
+) ENGINE MergeTree() ORDER BY timestamp;
+
+INSERT INTO default.metric_one (
+    tag_one,
+    tag_two,
+    int64_one,
+    int64_two,
+    timestamp
+) VALUES ('tag1', 'tag2', 1234, 2345, 1621289085);

plugins/outputs/sql/README.md

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ through the convert settings.
 [[outputs.sql]]
   ## Database driver
   ## Valid options: mssql (Microsoft SQL Server), mysql (MySQL), pgx (Postgres),
-  ##  sqlite (SQLite3), snowflake (snowflake.com)
+  ##  sqlite (SQLite3), snowflake (snowflake.com) clickhouse (ClickHouse)
   # driver = ""
 
   ## Data source name
@@ -147,6 +147,22 @@ FreeBSD, and other Linux and Darwin platforms.
 The DSN is a filename or url with scheme "file:". See the [driver
 docs](https://modernc.org/sqlite) for details.
 
+### clickhouse
+
+Use this metric type to SQL type conversion:
+
+```toml
+  [outputs.sql.convert]
+    integer              = "Int64"
+    text                 = "String"
+    timestamp            = "DateTime"
+    defaultvalue         = "String"
+    unsigned             = "UInt64"
+    bool                 = "Uint8"
+```
+
+See [ClickHouse data types](https://clickhouse.com/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/) for more info.
+
 ### denisenkom/go-mssqldb
 
 Telegraf doesn't have unit tests for go-mssqldb so it should be

plugins/outputs/sql/sql.go

@@ -6,10 +6,11 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	//Register sql drivers
-	_ "github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb"   // mssql (sql server)
+	_ "github.com/ClickHouse/clickhouse-go" // clickhouse
-	_ "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"     // mysql
+	_ "github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb"    // mssql (sql server)
-	_ "github.com/jackc/pgx/v4/stdlib"     // pgx (postgres)
+	_ "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"      // mysql
-	_ "github.com/snowflakedb/gosnowflake" // snowflake
+	_ "github.com/jackc/pgx/v4/stdlib"      // pgx (postgres)
+	_ "github.com/snowflakedb/gosnowflake"  // snowflake
 
 	"github.com/influxdata/telegraf"
 	"github.com/influxdata/telegraf/plugins/outputs"
@@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ func (p *SQL) deriveDatatype(value interface{}) string {
 var sampleConfig = `
   ## Database driver
   ## Valid options: mssql (Microsoft SQL Server), mysql (MySQL), pgx (Postgres),
-  ##  sqlite (SQLite3), snowflake (snowflake.com)
+  ##  sqlite (SQLite3), snowflake (snowflake.com) clickhouse (ClickHouse)
   # driver = ""
 
   ## Data source name
@@ -223,6 +224,8 @@ func (p *SQL) tableExists(tableName string) bool {
 }
 
 func (p *SQL) Write(metrics []telegraf.Metric) error {
+	var err error
+
 	for _, metric := range metrics {
 		tablename := metric.Name()
 
@@ -255,12 +258,33 @@ func (p *SQL) Write(metrics []telegraf.Metric) error {
 		}
 
 		sql := p.generateInsert(tablename, columns)
-		_, err := p.db.Exec(sql, values...)
 
-		if err != nil {
+		switch p.Driver {
-			// check if insert error was caused by column mismatch
+		case "clickhouse":
-			p.Log.Errorf("Error during insert: %v, %v", err, sql)
+			// ClickHouse needs to batch inserts with prepared statements
-			return err
+			tx, err := p.db.Begin()
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("begin failed: %v", err)
+			}
+			stmt, err := tx.Prepare(sql)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("prepare failed: %v", err)
+			}
+			defer stmt.Close() //nolint:revive // We cannot do anything about a failing close.
+
+			_, err = stmt.Exec(values...)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("execution failed: %v", err)
+			}
+			err = tx.Commit()
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("commit failed: %v", err)
+			}
+		default:
+			_, err = p.db.Exec(sql, values...)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("execution failed: %v", err)
+			}
 		}
 	}
 	return nil

plugins/outputs/sql/sql_test.go

@@ -334,3 +334,99 @@ func TestPostgresIntegration(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, string(expected), string(actual))
 }
+
+func TestClickHouseIntegration(t *testing.T) {
+	if testing.Short() {
+		t.Skip("Skipping integration test in short mode")
+	}
+
+	initdb, err := filepath.Abs("testdata/clickhouse/initdb")
+	// confd, err := filepath.Abs("testdata/clickhouse/config.d")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// initdb/init.sql creates this database
+	const dbname = "foo"
+
+	// default username for clickhouse is default
+	const username = "default"
+
+	outDir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "tg-clickhouse-*")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer os.RemoveAll(outDir)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	req := testcontainers.GenericContainerRequest{
+		ContainerRequest: testcontainers.ContainerRequest{
+			Image: "yandex/clickhouse-server",
+			BindMounts: map[string]string{
+				initdb: "/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d",
+				outDir: "/out",
+			},
+			ExposedPorts: []string{"9000/tcp", "8123/tcp"},
+			WaitingFor:   wait.NewHTTPStrategy("/").WithPort("8123/tcp"),
+		},
+		Started: true,
+	}
+	cont, err := testcontainers.GenericContainer(ctx, req)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "starting container failed")
+	defer func() {
+		require.NoError(t, cont.Terminate(ctx), "terminating container failed")
+	}()
+
+	// Get the connection details from the container
+	host, err := cont.Host(ctx)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "getting container host address failed")
+	require.NotEmpty(t, host)
+	natPort, err := cont.MappedPort(ctx, "9000/tcp")
+	require.NoError(t, err, "getting container host port failed")
+	port := natPort.Port()
+	require.NotEmpty(t, port)
+
+	//use the plugin to write to the database
+	// host, port, username, password, dbname
+	address := fmt.Sprintf("tcp://%v:%v?username=%v&database=%v", host, port, username, dbname)
+	p := newSQL()
+	p.Log = testutil.Logger{}
+	p.Driver = "clickhouse"
+	p.DataSourceName = address
+	p.TableTemplate = "CREATE TABLE {TABLE}({COLUMNS}) ENGINE MergeTree() ORDER by timestamp"
+	p.Convert.Integer = "Int64"
+	p.Convert.Text = "String"
+	p.Convert.Timestamp = "DateTime"
+	p.Convert.Defaultvalue = "String"
+	p.Convert.Unsigned = "UInt64"
+	p.Convert.Bool = "UInt8"
+
+	require.NoError(t, p.Connect())
+
+	require.NoError(t, p.Write(testMetrics))
+
+	// dump the database
+	var rc int
+	for _, testMetric := range testMetrics {
+		rc, err = cont.Exec(ctx, []string{
+			"bash",
+			"-c",
+			"clickhouse-client" +
+				" --user=" + username +
+				" --database=" + dbname +
+				" --format=TabSeparatedRaw" +
+				" --multiquery --query=" +
+				"\"SELECT * FROM \\\"" + testMetric.Name() + "\\\";" +
+				"SHOW CREATE TABLE \\\"" + testMetric.Name() + "\\\"\"" +
+				" >> /out/dump 2>&1",
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 0, rc)
+	}
+
+	dumpfile := filepath.Join(outDir, "dump")
+	require.FileExists(t, dumpfile)
+
+	//compare the dump to what we expected
+	expected, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/clickhouse/expected.txt")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	actual, err := os.ReadFile(dumpfile)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, string(expected), string(actual))
+}

plugins/outputs/sql/testdata/clickhouse/expected.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+2021-05-17 22:04:45	tag1	tag2	1234	2345	1	0
+CREATE TABLE foo.metric_one
+(
+    `timestamp` DateTime,
+    `tag_one` String,
+    `tag_two` String,
+    `int64_one` Int64,
+    `int64_two` Int64,
+    `bool_one` UInt8,
+    `bool_two` UInt8
+)
+ENGINE = MergeTree
+ORDER BY timestamp
+SETTINGS index_granularity = 8192
+2021-05-17 22:04:45	tag3	string1
+CREATE TABLE foo.metric_two
+(
+    `timestamp` DateTime,
+    `tag_three` String,
+    `string_one` String
+)
+ENGINE = MergeTree
+ORDER BY timestamp
+SETTINGS index_granularity = 8192
+2021-05-17 22:04:45	tag4	string2
+CREATE TABLE foo.`metric three`
+(
+    `timestamp` DateTime,
+    `tag four` String,
+    `string two` String
+)
+ENGINE = MergeTree
+ORDER BY timestamp
+SETTINGS index_granularity = 8192

plugins/outputs/sql/testdata/clickhouse/initdb/init.sql

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+CREATE DATABASE foo;